That looks like the Azure SMTP modifies the mail data in some way. To find out more, save the e-mail at the receiving into a file, and compare that with the e-mail saved into a file at the sender. What is the difference?
Also, what exactly do you mean by "Azure SMTP"? Is that Microsoft 365 / Office 365 SMTP server at smtp.office365.com, or is it an SMTP relay with Azure Communication Services?